





IMAP Extensions Working Group                                 M. Crispin
INTERNET-DRAFT: IMAP SORT                                   K. Murchison
Document: internet-drafts/draft-ietf-imapext-sort-13.txt        May 2003


     INTERNET MESSAGE ACCESS PROTOCOL - SORT AND THREAD EXTENSIONS

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC 2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as
   Internet-Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt

   To view the list Internet-Draft Shadow Directories, see
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   A revised version of this document will be submitted to the RFC
   editor as an Informational Document for the Internet Community.

   A revised version of this draft document will be submitted to the RFC
   editor as a Proposed Standard for the Internet Community.  Discussion
   and suggestions for improvement are requested, and should be sent to
   ietf-imapext@IMC.ORG.  This document will expire before 14 November
   2003.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.


Abstract

   This document describes the base-level server-based sorting and
   threading extensions to the [IMAP] protocol.  These extensions
   provide substantial performance improvements for IMAP clients which
   offer sorted and threaded views.

   A server which supports the base-level SORT extension indicates this
   with a capability name which starts with "SORT".  Future,
   upwards-compatible extensions to the SORT extension will all start



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   with "SORT", indicating support for this base level.

   A server which supports the THREAD extension indicates this with one
   or more capability names consisting of "THREAD=" followed by a
   supported threading algorithm name as described in this document.
   This provides for future upwards-compatible extensions.

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to
   be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS].









































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Base Subject Text

   Subject sorting and threading use the "base subject," which has
   specific subject artifacts of deployed Internet mail software
   removed.  Due to the complexity of these artifacts, the formal syntax
   for the subject extraction rules is ambiguous.  The following
   procedure is followed to determine the actual "base subject" which is
   used to sort by subject:

        (1) Convert any RFC 2047 encoded-words in the subject to
        UTF-8 as described in "internationalization
        considerations."  Convert all tabs and continuations to
        space.  Convert all multiple spaces to a single space.

        (2) Remove all trailing text of the subject that matches
        the subj-trailer ABNF, repeat until no more matches are
        possible.

        (3) Remove all prefix text of the subject that matches the
        subj-leader ABNF.

        (4) If there is prefix text of the subject that matches the
        subj-blob ABNF, and removing that prefix leaves a non-empty
        subj-base, then remove the prefix text.

        (5) Repeat (3) and (4) until no matches remain.

   Note: it is possible to defer step (2) until step (6), but this
   requires checking for subj-trailer in step (4).

        (6) If the resulting text begins with the subj-fwd-hdr ABNF
        and ends with the subj-fwd-trl ABNF, remove the
        subj-fwd-hdr and subj-fwd-trl and repeat from step (2).

        (7) The resulting text is the "base subject" used in the
        SORT.

   All servers and disconnected clients MUST use exactly this algorithm
   when sorting by subject.  Otherwise there is potential for a user to
   get inconsistent results based on whether they are running in
   connected or disconnected IMAP mode.

Sent Date

   As used in this document, the term "sent date" refers to the date and
   time from the Date: header, adjusted by time zone.  This differs from
   date-related criteria in SEARCH, which use just the date and not the
   time, nor adjusts by time zone.



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Additional Commands

   These commands are extension to the IMAP4rev1 base protocol.

   The section headings are intended to correspond with where they would
   be located in the main document if they were part of the base
   specification.


6.4.SORT.       SORT Command

   Arguments:  sort program
               charset specification
               searching criteria (one or more)

   Data:       untagged responses: SORT

   Result:     OK - sort completed
               NO - sort error: can't sort that charset or
                    criteria
               BAD - command unknown or arguments invalid

      The SORT command is a variant of SEARCH with sorting semantics for
      the results.  Sort has two arguments before the searching criteria
      argument; a parenthesized list of sort criteria, and the searching
      charset.

      Note that unlike SEARCH, the searching charset argument is
      mandatory.  The US-ASCII and UTF-8 charsets MUST be implemented.
      All other charsets are optional.

      There is also a UID SORT command which corresponds to SORT the way
      that UID SEARCH corresponds to SEARCH.

      The SORT command first searches the mailbox for messages that
      match the given searching criteria using the charset argument for
      the interpretation of strings in the searching criteria.  It then
      returns the matching messages in an untagged SORT response, sorted
      according to one or more sort criteria.

      Sorting is in ascending order.  Earlier dates sort before later
      dates; smaller sizes sort before larger sizes; and strings are
      sorted according to ascending values established by their
      collation algorithm (see under "Internationalization
      Considerations").

      If two or more messages exactly match according to the sorting
      criteria, these messages are sorted according to the order in



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      which they appear in the mailbox.  In other words, there is an
      implicit sort criterion of "sequence number".

      When multiple sort criteria are specified, the result is sorted in
      the priority order that the criteria appear.  For example,
      (SUBJECT DATE) will sort messages in order by their base subject
      text; and for messages with the same base subject text will sort
      by their sent date.

      Untagged EXPUNGE responses are not permitted while the server is
      responding to a SORT command, but are permitted during a UID SORT
      command.

      The defined sort criteria are as follows.  Refer to the Formal
      Syntax section for the precise syntactic definitions of the
      arguments.  If the associated RFC-822 header for a particular
      criterion is absent, it is treated as the empty string.  The empty
      string always collates before non-empty strings.

      ARRIVAL
         Internal date and time of the message.  This differs from the
         ON criteria in SEARCH, which uses just the internal date.

      CC
         RFC-822 local-part of the first "cc" address.

      DATE
         Sent date and time from the Date: header, adjusted by time
         zone.  This differs from the SENTON criteria in SEARCH, which
         uses just the date and not the time, nor adjusts by time zone.

      FROM
         RFC-822 local-part of the first "From" address.

      REVERSE
         Followed by another sort criterion, has the effect of that
         criterion but in reverse (descending) order.
            Note: REVERSE only reverses a single criterion, and does not
            affect the implicit "sequence number" sort criterion if all
            other criteria are identicial.  Consequently, a sort of
            REVERSE SUBJECT is not the same as a reverse ordering of a
            SUBJECT sort.  This can be avoided by use of additional
            criteria, e.g. SUBJECT DATE vs. REVERSE SUBJECT REVERSE
            DATE.  In general, however, it's better (and faster, if the
            client has a "reverse current ordering" command) to reverse
            the results in the client instead of issuing a new SORT.





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      SIZE
         Size of the message in octets.

      SUBJECT
         Base subject text.

      TO
         RFC-822 local-part of the first "To" address.


   Example:    C: A282 SORT (SUBJECT) UTF-8 SINCE 1-Feb-1994
               S: * SORT 2 84 882
               S: A282 OK SORT completed
               C: A283 SORT (SUBJECT REVERSE DATE) UTF-8 ALL
               S: * SORT 5 3 4 1 2
               S: A283 OK SORT completed
               C: A284 SORT (SUBJECT) US-ASCII TEXT "not in mailbox"
               S: * SORT
               S: A284 OK SORT completed


6.4.THREAD.     THREAD Command

Arguments:  threading algorithm
            charset specification
            searching criteria (one or more)

Data:       untagged responses: THREAD

Result:     OK - thread completed
            NO - thread error: can't thread that charset or
                 criteria
            BAD - command unknown or arguments invalid

      The THREAD command is a variant of SEARCH with threading semantics
      for the results.  Thread has two arguments before the searching
      criteria argument; a threading algorithm, and the searching
      charset.

      Note that unlike SEARCH, the searching charset argument is
      mandatory.  The US-ASCII and UTF-8 charsets MUST be implemented.
      All other charsets are optional.

      There is also a UID THREAD command which corresponds to THREAD the
      way that UID SEARCH corresponds to SEARCH.

      The THREAD command first searches the mailbox for messages that
      match the given searching criteria using the charset argument for



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      the interpretation of strings in the searching criteria.  It then
      returns the matching messages in an untagged THREAD response,
      threaded according to the specified threading algorithm.

      All collation is in ascending order.  Earlier dates collate before
      later dates and strings are collated according to ascending values
      established by their collation algorithm (see under
      "Internationalization Considerations").

      The defined threading algorithms are as follows:

      ORDEREDSUBJECT
         The ORDEREDSUBJECT threading algorithm is also referred to as
         "poor man's threading."  The searched messages are sorted by
         base subject and then by the sent date.  The messages are then
         split into separate threads, with each thread containing
         messages with the same base subject text.  Finally, the threads
         are sorted by the sent date of the first message in the thread.

         The first message of each thread are siblings of each other
         (the "root").  The second message of a thread is the child of
         the first message, and subsequent messages of the thread are
         siblings of the second message and hence children of the
         message at the root.  Hence, there are no grandchildren in
         ORDEREDSUBJECT threading.

           Note: earlier versions of this specification specified
           that each message in an ORDEREDSUBJECT thread is a child
           (as opposed to a sibling) of the previous message.  This
           is now deprecated.  For compatibility with servers which
           may still use the old definition, client implementations
           SHOULD treat descendents of a child as being siblings of
           that child.

           This is because the old definition mistakenly indicated
           that there was a parent/child relationship between
           successive messages in a thread; when in fact there was
           only a chronological relationship.  In clients which
           indicate parent/child relationships in a thread tree,
           this would indicate levels of descent which did not
           exist.


      REFERENCES
         The REFERENCES threading algorithm is based on the [THREADING]
         algorithm written used in "Netscape Mail and News" versions 2.0
         through 3.0.  This algorithm threads the searched messages by
         grouping them together in parent/child relationships based on



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         which messages are replies to others.  The parent/child
         relationships are built using two methods: reconstructing a
         message's ancestry using the references contained within it;
         and checking the original (not base) subject of a message to
         see if it is a reply to (or forward of) another message.

            Note: "Message ID" in the following description refers to a
            normalized form of the msg-id in [RFC 2822].  The actual
            text in an RFC 2822 may use quoting, resulting in multiple
            ways of expressing the same Message ID.  Implementations of
            the REFERENCES threading algorithm MUST normalize any msg-id
            in order to avoid false non-matches due to differences in
            quoting.

            For example, the msg-id
               <"01KF8JCEOCBS0045PS"@xxx.yyy.com>
            and the msg-id
               <01KF8JCEOCBS0045PS@xxx.yyy.com>
            MUST be interpreted as being the same Message ID.

         The references used for reconstructing a message's ancestry are
         found using the following rules:

            If a message contains a References header line, then use the
            Message IDs in the References header line as the references.

            If a message does not contain a References header line, or
            the References header line does not contain any valid
            Message IDs, then use the first (if any) valid Message ID
            found in the In-Reply-To header line as the only reference
            (parent) for this message.

               Note: Although [RFC 2822] permits multiple Message IDs in
               the In-Reply-To header, in actual practice this
               discipline has not been followed.  For example,
               In-Reply-To headers have been observed with email
               addresses after the Message ID, and there are no good
               heuristics for software to determine the difference.
               This is not a problem with the References header however.

            If a message does not contain an In-Reply-To header line, or
            the In-Reply-To header line does not contain a valid Message
            ID, then the message does not have any references (NIL).

         A message is considered to be a reply or forward if the base
         subject extraction rules, applied to the original subject,
         remove any of the following: a subj-refwd, a "(fwd)"
         subj-trailer, or a subj-fwd-hdr and subj-fwd-trl.



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         The REFERENCES algorithm is significantly more complex than
         ORDEREDSUBJECT and consists of six main steps.  These steps are
         outlined in detail below.

         (1) For each searched message:

            (A) Using the Message IDs in the message's references, link
            the corresponding messages (those whose Message-ID header
            line contains the given reference Message ID) together as
            parent/child.  Make the first reference the parent of the
            second (and the second a child of the first), the second the
            parent of the third (and the third a child of the second),
            etc.  The following rules govern the creation of these
            links:

               If a message does not contain a Message-ID header line,
               or the Message-ID header line does not contain a valid
               Message ID, then assign a unique Message ID to this
               message.

               If two or more messages have the same Message ID, then
               only use that Message ID in the first (lowest sequence
               number) message, and assign a unique Message ID to each
               of the subsequent messages with a duplicate of that
               Message ID.

               If no message can be found with a given Message ID,
               create a dummy message with this ID.  Use this dummy
               message for all subsequent references to this ID.

               If a message already has a parent, don't change the
               existing link.  This is done because the References
               header line may have been truncated by a MUA.  As a
               result, there is no guarantee that the messages
               corresponding to adjacent Message IDs in the References
               header line are parent and child.

               Do not create a parent/child link if creating that link
               would introduce a loop.  For example, before making
               message A the parent of B, make sure that A is not a
               descendent of B.

                  Note: Message ID comparisons are case-sensitive.

            (B) Create a parent/child link between the last reference
            (or NIL if there are no references) and the current message.
            If the current message already has a parent, it is probably
            the result of a truncated References header line, so break



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            the current parent/child link before creating the new
            correct one.  As in step 1.A, do not create the parent/child
            link if creating that link would introduce a loop.  Note
            that if this message has no references, that it will now
            have no parent.

               Note: The parent/child links created in steps 1.A and 1.B
               MUST be kept consistent with one another at ALL times.

         (2) Gather together all of the messages that have no parents
         and make them all children (siblings of one another) of a dummy
         parent (the "root").  These messages constitute the first
         (head) message of the threads created thus far.

         (3) Prune dummy messages from the thread tree.  Traverse each
         thread under the root, and for each message:

            If it is a dummy message with NO children, delete it.

            If it is a dummy message with children, delete it, but
            promote its children to the current level.  In other words,
            splice them in with the dummy's siblings.

            Do not promote the children if doing so would make them
            children of the root, unless there is only one child.

         (4) Sort the messages under the root (top-level siblings only)
         by sent date.  In the case of an exact match on sent date or if
         either of the Date: headers used in a comparison can not be
         parsed, use the order in which the messages appear in the
         mailbox (that is, by sequence number) to determine the order.
         In the case of a dummy message, sort its children by sent date
         and then use the first child for the top-level sort.

         (5) Gather together messages under the root that have the same
         base subject text.

            (A) Create a table for associating base subjects with
            messages, called the subject table.

            (B) Populate the subject table with one message per each
            base subject.  For each child of the root:

               (i) Find the subject of this thread, by using the base
               subject from either the current message or its first
               child if the current message is a dummy.  This is the
               thread subject.




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               (ii) If the thread subject is empty, skip this message.

               (iii) Look up the message associated with the thread
               subject in the subject table.

               (iv) If there is no message in the subject table with the
               thread subject, add the current message and the thread
               subject to the subject table.

               Otherwise, if the message in the subject table is not a
               dummy, AND either of the following criteria are true:

                  The current message is a dummy, OR

                  The message in the subject table is a reply or forward
                  and the current message is not.

            then replace the message in the subject table with the
            current message.

            (C) Merge threads with the same thread subject.  For each
            child of the root:

               (i) Find the message's thread subject as in step 5.B.i
               above.

               (ii) If the thread subject is empty, skip this message.

               (iii) Lookup the message associated with this thread
               subject in the subject table.

               (iv) If the message in the subject table is the current
               message, skip this message.

               Otherwise, merge the current message with the one in the
               subject table using the following rules:

                  If both messages are dummies, append the current
                  message's children to the children of the message in
                  the subject table (the children of both messages
                  become siblings), and then delete the current message.

                  If the message in the subject table is a dummy and the
                  current message is not, make the current message a
                  child of the message in the subject table (a sibling
                  of its children).





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                  If the current message is a reply or forward and the
                  message in the subject table is not, make the current
                  message a child of the message in the subject table (a
                  sibling of its children).

                  Otherwise, create a new dummy message and make both
                  the current message and the message in the subject
                  table children of the dummy.  Then replace the message
                  in the subject table with the dummy message.

                     Note: Subject comparisons are case-insensitive, as
                     described under "Internationalization
                     Considerations."

         (6) Traverse the messages under the root and sort each set of
         siblings by sent date.  Traverse the messages in such a way
         that the "youngest" set of siblings are sorted first, and the
         "oldest" set of siblings are sorted last (grandchildren are
         sorted before children, etc).  In the case of an exact match on
         sent date or if either of the Date: headers used in a
         comparison can not be parsed, use the order in which the
         messages appear in the mailbox (that is, by sequence number) to
         determine the order.  In the case of a dummy message (which can
         only occur with top-level siblings), use its first child for
         sorting.


   Example:    C: A283 THREAD ORDEREDSUBJECT UTF-8 SINCE 5-MAR-2000
               S: * THREAD (166)(167)(168)(169)(172)(170)(171)
                  (173)(174 (175)(176)(178)(181)(180))(179)(177
                  (183)(182)(188)(184)(185)(186)(187)(189))(190)
                  (191)(192)(193)(194 195)(196 (197)(198))(199)
                  (200 202)(201)(203)(204)(205)(206 207)(208)
               S: A283 OK THREAD completed
               C: A284 THREAD ORDEREDSUBJECT US-ASCII TEXT "gewp"
               S: * THREAD
               S: A284 OK THREAD completed
               C: A285 THREAD REFERENCES UTF-8 SINCE 5-MAR-2000
               S: * THREAD (166)(167)(168)(169)(172)((170)(179))
                  (171)(173)((174)(175)(176)(178)(181)(180))
                  ((177)(183)(182)(188 (184)(189))(185 186)(187))
                  (190)(191)(192)(193)((194)(195 196))(197 198)
                  (199)(200 202)(201)(203)(204)(205 206 207)(208)
               S: A285 OK THREAD completed


        Note: The line breaks in the first and third client
        responses are for editorial clarity and do not appear in



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        real THREAD responses.


















































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Additional Responses

   These responses are extensions to the IMAP4rev1 base protocol.

   The section headings of these responses are intended to correspond
   with where they would be located in the main document.


7.2.SORT.       SORT Response

   Data:       zero or more numbers

      The SORT response occurs as a result of a SORT or UID SORT
      command.  The number(s) refer to those messages that match the
      search criteria.  For SORT, these are message sequence numbers;
      for UID SORT, these are unique identifiers.  Each number is
      delimited by a space.

   Example:    S: * SORT 2 3 6



7.2.THREAD.     THREAD Response

   Data:       zero or more threads

      The THREAD response occurs as a result of a THREAD or UID THREAD
      command.  It contains zero or more threads.  A thread consists of
      a parenthesized list of thread members.

      Thread members consist of zero or more message numbers, delimited
      by spaces, indicating successive parent and child.  This continues
      until the thread splits into multiple sub-threads, at which point
      the thread nests into multiple sub-threads with the first member
      of each subthread being siblings at this level.  There is no limit
      to the nesting of threads.

      The messages numbers refer to those messages that match the search
      criteria.  For THREAD, these are message sequence numbers; for UID
      THREAD, these are unique identifiers.

   Example:    S: * THREAD (2)(3 6 (4 23)(44 7 96))

      The first thread consists only of message 2.  The second thread
      consists of the messages 3 (parent) and 6 (child), after which it
      splits into two subthreads; the first of which contains messages 4
      (child of 6, sibling of 44) and 23 (child of 4), and the second of
      which contains messages 44 (child of 6, sibling of 4), 7 (child of



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      44), and 96 (child of 7).  Since some later messages are parents
      of earlier messages, the messages were probably moved from some
      other mailbox at different times.

      -- 2

      -- 3
         \-- 6
             |-- 4
             |   \-- 23
             |
             \-- 44
                  \-- 7
                      \-- 96

   Example:    S: * THREAD ((3)(5))

      In this example, 3 and 5 are siblings of a parent which does not
      match the search criteria (and/or does not exist in the mailbox);
      however they are members of the same thread.































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Formal Syntax of SORT and THREAD commands and Responses

   sort            = ["UID" SP] "SORT" SP
                     "(" sort-criterion *(SP sort-criterion) ")"
                     SP charset 1*(SP search-key)

   sort-criterion  = ["REVERSE" SP] sort-key

   sort-key        = "ARRIVAL" / "CC" / "DATE" / "FROM" / "SIZE" /
                     "SUBJECT" / "TO"
   thread            = ["UID" SP] "THREAD" SP thread-algorithm
                       SP charset 1*(SP search-key)

   thread-algorithm  = "ORDEREDSUBJECT" / "REFERENCES" / atom

   charset           = astring
                       ; CHARSET argument to MUST be registered with IANA

   sort-data       = "SORT" *(SP nz-number)

   thread-data       = "THREAD" [SP 1*thread-list]

   thread-list       = "(" thread-members / thread-nested ")"

   thread-members    = nz-number *(SP nz-number) [SP thread-nested]

   thread-nested     = 2*thread-list



   The following syntax describes base subject extraction rules (2)-(6):

   subject         = *subj-leader [subj-middle] *subj-trailer

   subj-refwd      = ("re" / ("fw" ["d"])) *WSP [subj-blob] ":"

   subj-blob       = "[" *BLOBCHAR "]" *WSP

   subj-fwd        = subj-fwd-hdr subject subj-fwd-trl

   subj-fwd-hdr    = "[fwd:"

   subj-fwd-trl    = "]"

   subj-leader     = (*subj-blob subj-refwd) / WSP






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   subj-middle     = *subj-blob (subj-base / subj-fwd)
                   ; last subj-blob is subj-base if subj-base would
                   ; otherwise be empty

   subj-trailer    = "(fwd)" / WSP

   subj-base       = NONWSP *([*WSP] NONWSP)
                   ; can be a subj-blob

   BLOBCHAR        = %x01-5a / %x5c / %x5e-7f
                   ; any CHAR except '[' and ']'

   NONWSP          = %x01-08 / %x0a-1f / %x21-7f
                   ; any CHAR other than WSP


Security Considerations

   The SORT and THREAD extensions do not raise any security
   considerations that are not present in the base [IMAP] protocol, and
   these issues are discussed in [IMAP].  Nevertheless, it is important
   to remember that IMAP4rev1 protocol transactions, including
   electronic mail data, are sent in the clear over the network unless
   protection from snooping is negotiated, either by the use of
   STARTTLS, privacy protection is negotiated in the AUTHENTICATE
   command, or some other protection mechanism is in effect.


Internationalization Considerations

   Strings in charsets other than US-ASCII and UTF-8 must be converted
   to UTF-8 prior to any comparisons.  String comparisons used in SORT
   and THREAD collations are performed as described in [IMAP-I18N].

   Non-English translations of "Re" or "Fw"/"Fwd" are not specified for
   removal in the base subject extraction process.  By specifying that
   only the English forms of the prefixes are used, it becomes a simple
   display time task to localize the prefix language for the user.  If,
   on the other hand, prefixes in multiple languages are permitted, the
   result is a geometrically complex, and ultimately unimplementable,
   task.  In order to improve the ability to support non-English display
   in Internet mail clients, only the English form of these prefixes
   should be transmitted in Internet mail messages.








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12.     IANA Considerations

   IMAP4 capabilities are registered by publishing a standards track or
   IESG approved experimental RFC.  The registry is currently located
   at:

        http://www.iana.org/assignments/imap4-capabilities

   This document consitutes registration of the SORT and THREAD IMAP
   capabilities, as well as the ORDEREDSUBJECT and REFERENCES IMAP
   threading algorithms.


A.      References

   The following documents are normative to this document:

   [ABNF] Crocker, D., and Overell, P. "Augmented BNF for Syntax
   Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.

   [IMAP] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol - Version
   4rev1", RFC 3501, March 2003.

   [IMAP-I18N] Newman, C. "Internet Message Access Protocol
   Internationalization", Work in Progress.

   [KEYWORDS] Bradner, S. "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
   Requirement Levels", RFC 2119, Harvard University, March 1997.

   [RFC-2822] Resnick, P. "Internet Message Format", RFC 2822, April
   2001.

   The following documents are informative to this document:

   [THREADING] Zawinski, J. "message threading",
   http://www.jwz.org/doc/threading.html, 1997-2002.

Author's Address

   Mark R. Crispin
   Networks and Distributed Computing
   University of Washington
   4545 15th Avenue NE
   Seattle, WA  98105-4527

   Phone: (206) 543-5762





Crispin                                                        [Page 18]

INTERNET DRAFT                 IMAP SORT        EXPIRES 14 November 2003


   EMail: MRC@CAC.Washington.EDU


   Kenneth Murchison
   Oceana Matrix Ltd.
   21 Princeton Place
   Orchard Park, NY 14127

   Phone: (716) 662-8973 x26

   EMail: ken@oceana.com








































Crispin                                                        [Page 19]

